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Where Science Meets the Ranch Gate

Golden Eagle Center

Turning Conflict into Conservation — The West's Broker for Golden Eagles.

3,400+
Wyoming sheep kills · 2024
Rare
Eagle take / depredation permits granted
5
Core programs
UT
Operational home
🐑
83%
of Wyoming wildlife personnel report eagle depredation in their districts (Phillips & Beske)
📉
Local
Golden eagle numbers are roughly stable range-wide, with documented local declines in some regions
🏛
6 / yr
National falconry take cap — a small annual allocation distributed through a USFWS drawing, not derived from a population study
⏳
2028–29
Federal non-lethal deterrent research not due for 3–4 more lambing seasons
Our Vision

A dedicated facility for the Eagle Exchange.

The Golden Eagle Center will serve as the dedicated facility and operational hub for the Eagle Exchange. When golden eagles depredate livestock, we provide a constructive alternative to lethal removal by relocating them to our center — where their continued contribution to the western ecosystem can be redirected, not lost.

This is not a sanctuary. It is a working conservation facility — a place where eagles that would otherwise face lethal management instead enter a structured pipeline of research, training, rehabilitation, and release into landscapes where the population needs them most.

The Working Vision

From the western range to the working facility — what the Center looks like in practice.

The Golden Eagle Center is more than a concept. It's a physical place, a scientific operation, and a community destination. Below: the visual story of what we're building, and the partners we serve.

🦅 The Species
31,800 western golden eagles.
The species we protect. Wyoming alone holds about a quarter of the breeding population. Range-wide the population is roughly stable, with documented local declines in some regions.
🧤 Falconry
Master falconers — the operational backbone.
Licensed professionals who legally capture, train, and release problem eagles under 50 CFR § 21.82. The Center turns their craft into a year-round operational capacity.
🐑 The Ranchers
Western producers, real losses.
$700,000 in Wyoming lamb losses in 2025. The Center is the operational alternative ranchers have been asking for.
📡 The Science
Telemetry, mortality data, open access.
Satellite tracking turns each transferred eagle into a continuous data source on movement, mortality, and habitat use.
🪶 Cultural Use
Feathers for tribal partners.
Naturally molted feathers flow into the National Eagle Repository — easing the 4,000–6,000 request backlog.
🏔 Traditional Practice
3,000+ years of stewardship.
Falconry's deep cultural roots inform the Center's modern, science-based program design.
🎓 Education
Public beacon in Utah.
Equestrian park, falconry school, and conservation programs for the community.

📷 Photo credits: Wikimedia Commons (public domain & CC) · USGS / American Eagle Research Institute. Full attribution below.

The Broker Model

Remove where there is conflict. Restore where there is need.

We remove eagles where they create conflict for ranchers — and return eagles where they are needed. This creates a net positive for both western livestock producers and golden eagle populations.

3,400+
Sheep killed by eagles · Wyoming 2024
USDA NASS-estimated eagle kills in a single state, in a single year. Wyoming is the only western state publishing eagle-specific data.
Rarely granted
Federal eagle depredation permits
Permits authorizing take of golden eagles are rarely issued. The legal pathway exists on paper — what's missing is a practical, non-lethal way to act on documented conflict.
~25%
Of western breeding population
Wyoming alone holds roughly one quarter of the western U.S. breeding golden eagle population — a population that is roughly stable range-wide, with documented local declines in some regions.
Practical solutions are urgently needed. The Golden Eagle Center is the operational infrastructure that turns federal directive into field-level outcome — without lethal take, and without leaving ranchers to absorb the loss.
Core Programs

Five interlocking programs. One operational center.

Each program addresses a distinct gap in the current eagle management system. Together they form a complete pipeline — from the ranch gate to the wild and back to the public.

🥚
Program 01
Breeding Leadership
Work toward establishing the first legal captive breeding program for golden eagles in the United States, supporting population recovery in regions experiencing documented declines.
Subject to regulatory approval
Evidence base: Captive breeding of golden eagles is currently prohibited under 50 CFR § 21.82. USFWS opened the door with a 2011 Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking inviting public comment on raptor propagation permits. With low wild recruitment (1–2 fledglings/pair/yr) and a 4–5 year lag before replacement adults reach breeding age, the population has almost no buffer against elevated anthropogenic mortality (Millsap et al. 2022).
🧤
Program 02
Falconry Training & Release
Train young eagles using proven falconry methods, then release subadults into areas with declining wild populations. Each released bird represents a measurable ecological asset returned to the landscape.
In partnership with master falconers
Evidence base: Federal falconry framework: 50 CFR § 21.82. The current national take cap of 6 eagles/year is a small annual allocation distributed through a USFWS drawing — not derived from a population sustainability study. With Wyoming alone holding ~25% of the western breeding population, the cap severely restricts the program's surgical, non-lethal solution potential.
📡
Program 03
Research & Telemetry Hub
Equip birds with satellite transmitters to study movement patterns, identify mortality sources — power poles, wind energy, lead exposure, vehicle strikes — and generate actionable data for policymakers and utilities.
Open data for agencies & researchers
Evidence base: Distribution-pole electrocution kills ~504 golden eagles/year (Millsap et al. 2022). Lead exposure suppresses population growth by 0.8%/year — 46% chronic + 9% acute prevalence across 1,210 eagles in 38 states (Katzner et al. 2022, Science). Wind turbine mortality has more than doubled from ~110 (2013) to ~270/year (2024) — Gedir et al. 2025.
🪶
Program 04
Rehabilitation & Feather Initiative
Rehabilitate injured eagles and collect naturally molted feathers to increase supply for the National Eagle Repository and Native American cultural use — easing the chronic waitlist of 4,000–6,000 open requests.
Coordinated with NER & tribal partners
Evidence base: Hagen et al. 2024 (Wildlife Biology): released rehabilitated golden eagles yield 4+ wild birds per release; post-release survival matches the wild cohort. NER waitlist: 4,000–6,000 open requests, 3–5+ year wait for a whole bird. Religious-use framework: 50 CFR § 22.60, USFWS Form 3-200-15a.
🎓
Program 05
Community Outreach & Education
Establish an equestrian park alongside the center as a public beacon in Utah. Offer hands-on learning about golden eagle behavior, host a falconry school, and deliver conservation education programs for the local community.
Public beacon · Utah
Evidence base: Public engagement is the missing link in golden eagle conservation. Educational facilities like this one create durable shifts in attitudes toward predators and translate field science into action — addressing the cultural distance between western producers, the public, and the federal agencies that share their landscape.
Scientific Foundation

The evidence base behind every program.

Every program at the Golden Eagle Center is grounded in peer-reviewed research and federal datasets. This is the working bibliography legislators, agencies, and partners can audit.

Population
Millsap et al. 2022
Ecological Applications 32(3) · DOI: 10.1002/eap.2544
~31,800 western golden eagles via Bayesian mark-recapture (3,594 band recoveries + 357 telemetry birds, 1997–2017). The dataset underpinning every federal eagle take-limit calculation in the United States.
Rehab ROI
Hagen et al. 2024
Wildlife Biology · "Dead birds flying"
Released rehab golden eagles yield ≥4× population return vs. baseline. Post-release survival matched the wild cohort. Largest rehab-ROI study published — 17 raptor species, 24 U.S. centers.
Mortality
Mojica et al. 2018
Journal of Wildlife Management 82(5)
Annual electrocution mortality: ~504 golden eagles/year. Distribution poles (4–34.5 kV) are the primary hazard. Juveniles die at 2× the adult rate. 8 measurable risk factors identified.
Mortality
Katzner et al. 2022
Science 375 · N=1,210 eagles, 38 states
46% chronic + 9% acute lead poisoning in golden eagles. Suppresses population growth by 0.8% per year. First continental-scale lead exposure study ever conducted.
Migration
Bedrosian et al. 2018
PLOS ONE 13(11), e0205204
64 adult eagles tracked 2011–2016. Up to 43% of fall migrants funnel through the Rocky Mountain Front corridor. Southern Wyoming = highest overlap of migration density + wind development.
Mortality
Gedir et al. 2025
Biological Conservation
Wind turbine mortality: ~110 (2013) → ~270 (2024) — a 145% increase. IdentiFlight AI detection reduces fatalities by 82% at deployed sites, but coverage remains limited.
Depredation
Steenhof et al. 1997
The Condor 97(4) · Long-term Idaho study
Eagle depredation tracks 10-year jackrabbit population cycles. When jackrabbits crash, eagles shift to alternative prey including livestock. Depredation complaints spike 2–3 years after a regional jackrabbit crash.
Depredation
Phillips & Beske 1990
USFWS field investigations
Young lambs under about a month old are the most vulnerable to eagle predation. Open-range spring lambing is the most vulnerable window of the year, and the period the Center's intervention pipeline is designed to address.
Policy
50 CFR § 21.82 · § 22.60 · § 22.21
Federal eagle management framework
§ 21.82 governs falconry & the 6-bird annual cap. § 22.60 governs Native American religious feather permits (NER pathway). § 22.21 governs depredation permits. The pathway exists — operational capacity is the gap.

Full citations, methods, and primary-source links are maintained in the public-facing Primary Research Sources hub. Cross-referenced topic pages: Mortality · Lead · Electrocution · Wind · Biology & Populations.

Who Benefits

Built so every constituency walks away with a win.

The current eagle-management system asks each group to absorb the costs of someone else's priorities. The Center inverts that — turning the same operational footprint into a measurable benefit for ranchers, falconers, agencies, and tribal partners simultaneously.

🐑
For Western Producers
Ranchers
  • Real-time removal of confirmed depredating eagles — no waiting on interstate negotiation
  • Documented compensation pathway through existing FSA-LIP framework
  • Lethal-take controversy avoided entirely — no permits required from the rancher
  • Direct line to a working facility, not a bureaucratic queue
🧤
For the Falconry Community
Master Falconers
  • A working program for the skills they already hold
  • Foundation for a biologically-defended take cap larger than the arbitrary 6/yr
  • Captive breeding pathway — a generational change for the field
  • Year-round operational role, not one-off events
🛡
For USFWS, USDA & State Agencies
Federal & State Wildlife
  • An operational partner that owns the end-to-end pipeline
  • Continuous mortality & movement data via telemetry program
  • Regulatory test bed for next-generation eagle take policy
  • Public-facing science communication arm
🪶
For Native American Partners
Tribal Nations
  • Increased feather supply for the NER — addressing the 4,000–6,000 backlog
  • Naturally molted feathers from a steady captive population
  • Cultural consultation built into program design from day one
  • 50 CFR § 22.60 pathway preserved & reinforced, not bypassed
5-Year Outcomes

What success looks like — measured in years, not promises.

A clear operational roadmap with milestones legislators, funders, and partners can hold us to. Each phase is sized to be deliverable within current regulatory authority, with reform expansions clearly marked.

Year 1 · Foundation
Open the doors. Run the pipeline.
  • Facility operational in Utah
  • First problem-eagle transfers from documented Wyoming depredation sites
  • Telemetry program launched · 10–15 satellite-tagged birds
  • Equestrian park grand opening
  • Falconry school enrolls inaugural cohort
  • Tribal partnership consultation memo signed
Years 2–3 · Scale & Science
Move from pilot to operational program.
  • 30+ transferred eagles tracked & released to recovery zones
  • First peer-reviewed mortality & corridor paper published
  • Annual feather contribution to NER documented
  • Public visitor count >25,000/yr to the equestrian park
  • K–12 conservation curriculum deployed to Utah schools
  • Begin USFWS engagement on captive-breeding rulemaking
Years 4–5 · Reform & Replication
Become the federal model others reference.
  • First legal captive-breeding chicks (subject to regulatory approval)
  • Updated national falconry take cap based on Center-generated population data
  • Self-sustaining operational budget from grants, education, and partnerships
  • Documented contribution to western golden eagle population stability
  • Open-source playbook published for replication in other states
  • Independent third-party impact audit completed
Anticipated Questions

The objections we've already thought through.

A working document — what reviewers, agencies, and the public are most likely to ask. Each answer is grounded in the regulatory framework and the science cited above.

Isn't relocating problem eagles just moving the problem somewhere else?

No — and this is the central design choice. Transferred eagles are not released into other ranching country. They enter a structured pipeline that ends in one of three outcomes: (1) release into population-recovery zones with low livestock density and confirmed eagle declines, (2) integration into the falconry-training program as working birds, or (3) intake into the rehabilitation/feather program if injured or unsuitable for release.

The Center exists precisely because the federal interstate relocation plan stalled when other states declined to accept relocated eagles. We absorb that downstream burden.

Captive breeding of golden eagles isn't legal. How is Program 01 possible?

Currently, 50 CFR § 21.82 prohibits captive breeding of golden eagles for falconry. The pathway exists, though: in 2011 USFWS published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking inviting public comment on raptor propagation permits — including eagles.

Program 01 is explicitly framed as working toward regulatory approval. Phase 1 is operational readiness; the rulemaking comes through the federal Administrative Procedure Act process during Years 2–4. The Center serves as the credible facility and data-generator that makes that rulemaking defensible.

Why Utah and not Wyoming where the depredation is happening?

Two practical reasons. First, regulatory diversification — putting the facility in a different state than where most transfers originate reduces the risk that one state's wildlife agency holds veto power over the entire program (the failure mode that stalled the federal relocation plan).

Second, operational access — Utah offers the right combination of suitable habitat for release-staging, qualified master falconer density, equestrian park land availability, and tourism infrastructure for the public-education arm. Wyoming-origin eagles are transported under standard USFWS-authorized transport, the same way every rehabilitated bird is moved today.

How is this funded? Is it taxpayer-supported?

The Center is designed as a blended-funding nonprofit: founding capital from private philanthropy and conservation grants; operating revenue from education programs, falconry school enrollment, equestrian park admissions, agency research contracts, and corporate partnerships (notably from wind utilities seeking mortality-reduction research partnerships).

No congressional appropriation is required for the Center to open. Year 5 target: self-sustaining operational budget across the diversified streams.

What's the timeline for first measurable impact on ranchers?

Year 1. The intake pipeline is operational from day one. Wyoming ranchers reporting confirmed depredation through Eagle Exchange Hub's Quick Field Report tool would, under federal permits already in place (50 CFR § 22.21 depredation permits + 50 CFR § 21.82 falconry take), have a working destination for problem birds within the first operational year.

The captive breeding, federal cap-reform, and population-recovery release programs are multi-year arcs. Direct rancher impact is the fastest-deliverable component.

Why should tribal nations support this?

The Center expands — rather than competes with — the existing tribal-religious-use framework under 50 CFR § 22.60. The National Eagle Repository's chronic 4,000–6,000 request backlog is downstream of supply constraints, not demand. Every naturally molted feather collected at the Center flows into the existing NER pipeline.

Program 04 includes formal tribal-consultation governance from program inception. The Center does not handle, redistribute, or possess feathers outside the NER framework.

Does this conflict with USFWS or state wildlife authority?

No. The Center operates entirely downstream of, and authorized by, existing federal regulatory authority — USFWS for migratory bird permits (50 CFR Parts 21, 22), USDA Wildlife Services for field investigations and depredation determinations, and state wildlife agencies for in-state transport and release permits.

The Center adds operational capacity to a system that already authorizes every step. It doesn't expand federal authority or override state agencies.

Why It Matters

Depredation becomes opportunity.

Building on the Eagle Exchange Hub's heat map, 5-step reporting workflow, and research resources, the Golden Eagle Center transforms depredation challenges into opportunities for science, recovery, and community engagement.

The infrastructure already exists in pieces — ranchers reporting, agencies investigating, falconers willing, researchers tracking. What's missing is a physical place where these pieces meet, work together, and produce measurable outcomes for both producers and populations.

The Golden Eagle Center is that place.

🗺️
Heat Map
Where conflict is happening
📱
5-Step Reporting
Field-level documentation
📚
Research Hub
The evidence base
⚖️
The Eagle Conflict
The systemic case
📷 Image Credits & Licensing

Eagle in flight (hero & gallery): Wikimedia Commons — Giles Laurent (Pfyn-Finges, Switzerland) and other contributors. CC BY-SA 4.0 / Public Domain.

Falconry scenes: Wikimedia Commons — English falconer Roy Lupton hawking with a Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Angus Glens, Scotland (Public Domain); Mongolian Eagle Hunters traditional cultural practice (Public Domain).

Telemetry research: U.S. Geological Survey — female Golden Eagle with GPS-GSM transmitter, photo by Daniel Driscoll, American Eagle Research Institute. Public Domain.

Sheep on rangeland: Wikimedia Commons / U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service — "What's good for the herd is good for the bird" series, Wyoming. Public Domain.

All imagery used under licenses permitting commercial & educational reuse. The Golden Eagle Center is committed to using only properly attributed, freely licensed visual materials.

Independent educational resource — not affiliated with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, any government agency, or activist organization. Educational use only; not legal or professional advice.

Eagle Exchange Hub · Golden Eagle Center

Where Science Meets the Ranch Gate

Internal program planning document. © 2026 Eagle Exchange Hub Network. All program components subject to USFWS and state agency regulatory approval where applicable.

Eagle Exchange Hub is an independent, privately operated educational resource. We are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or connected to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, any other government agency, or activist organizations. All views and opinions expressed here belong solely to the individual writers and do not represent official policies of any entity. The information provided is for educational purposes only and is not legal, regulatory, or professional advice.